20 Linux Yum命令
什么是YUM？
YUM（Yellowdog更新修改 ）是一个开源的命令行以及用于基于 RPM的Linux系统基于图形化的软件包管理工具 （redhat软件包管理器 ）。 它允许用户和系统管理员轻松地在系统上安装，更新，删除或搜索软件包。 它的开发和 GPL（ 通用公共许可证 ）作为一个开源由 Seth维达尔发布，意味着任何人都可以允许下载和访问代码来修复漏洞和开发定制软件包 。YUM通过解决使用众多的第三方软件库来安装软件包自动他们的依赖问题。1.使用YUM安装软件包
要安装一个叫包 Firefox 14 ，只需运行下面的命令，它会自动找到并安装所有需要的依赖于Firefox。# yum install firefox Loaded plugins: fastestmirror Dependencies Resolved ================================================================================================ Package Arch Version Repository Size ================================================================================================ Updating: firefox i686 10.0.6-1.el6.centos updates 20 M Updating for dependencies: xulrunner i686 10.0.6-1.el6.centos updates 12 M Transaction Summary ================================================================================================ Install 0 Package(s) Upgrade 2 Package(s) Total download size: 32 M Is this ok [y/N]: y Downloading Packages: (1/2): firefox-10.0.6-1.el6.centos.i686.rpm | 20 MB 01:10 (2/2): xulrunner-10.0.6-1.el6.centos.i686.rpm | 12 MB 00:52 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Total 63 kB/s | 32 MB 02:04 Updated: firefox.i686 0:10.0.6-1.el6.centos Dependency Updated: xulrunner.i686 0:10.0.6-1.el6.centos Complete!上述命令将在系统上安装任何软件包之前要求确认。如果你想不问任何确认自动安装软件包，使用选项 -y如下面的例子。
# yum -y install firefox
2.使用YUM删除软件包
要完全删除一个包及其所有依赖关系，只需运行以下命令，如下所示。# yum remove firefox Loaded plugins: fastestmirror Setting up Remove Process Resolving Dependencies --> Running transaction check ---> Package firefox.i686 0:10.0.6-1.el6.centos set to be erased --> Finished Dependency Resolution Dependencies Resolved ==================================================================================================== Package Arch Version Repository Size ==================================================================================================== Removing: firefox i686 10.0.6-1.el6.centos @updates 23 M Transaction Summary ==================================================================================================== Remove 1 Package(s) Reinstall 0 Package(s) Downgrade 0 Package(s) Is this ok [y/N]: y Downloading Packages: Running rpm_check_debug Running Transaction Test Transaction Test Succeeded Running Transaction Erasing : firefox-10.0.6-1.el6.centos.i686 1/1 Removed: firefox.i686 0:10.0.6-1.el6.centos Complete!同样的方式，上面的命令会在删除包之前询问确认。要禁用确认提示，只需添加选项-y，如下所示。
# yum -y remove firefox
3.使用YUM更新包
比方说，你有过时的版本 包，并希望将其更新到最新的稳定版本。只需运行以下命令，它将自动解决所有依赖项问题并安装它们。# yum update mysql Loaded plugins: fastestmirror Dependencies Resolved ============================================================================================================ Package Arch Version Repository Size ============================================================================================================ Updating: vsftpd i386 2.0.5-24.el5_8.1 updates 144 k Transaction Summary ============================================================================================================ Install 0 Package(s) Upgrade 1 Package(s) Total size: 144 k Is this ok [y/N]: y Downloading Packages: Running rpm_check_debug Running Transaction Test Finished Transaction Test Transaction Test Succeeded Running Transaction Updating : vsftpd 1/2 Cleanup : vsftpd 2/2 Updated: vsftpd.i386 0:2.0.5-24.el5_8.1 Complete!
4.使用YUM列出软件包
使用 列表功能来搜索特定的包的名称。 例如，要搜索一个包叫做 OpenSSH的 ，使用的命令。# yum list openssh Loaded plugins: fastestmirror Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * base: mirror.neu.edu.cn * epel: mirror.neu.edu.cn * extras: mirror.neu.edu.cn * rpmforge: mirror.nl.leaseweb.net * updates: mirror.nus.edu.sg Installed Packages openssh.i386 4.3p2-72.el5_6.3 installed Available Packages 4.3p2-82.el5 base要使搜索更准确，请使用其版本定义包名称，以防万一您知道。例如，要搜索包的特定版本 的openssh-4.3p2，使用的命令。
# yum list openssh-4.3p2
5.使用YUM搜索包
如果你不记得包的确切名称，然后使用 搜索功能来搜索所有可用的软件包来满足您指定的包的名称。例如，搜索与该单词匹配的所有包 。# yum search vsftpd Loaded plugins: fastestmirror Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * base: mirror.neu.edu.cn * epel: mirror.neu.edu.cn * extras: mirror.neu.edu.cn * rpmforge: mirror.nl.leaseweb.net * updates: ftp.iitm.ac.in ============================== Matched: vsftpd ======================== ccze.i386 : A robust log colorizer pure-ftpd-selinux.i386 : SELinux support for Pure-FTPD vsftpd.i386 : vsftpd - Very Secure Ftp Daemon
6.使用YUM获取软件包的信息
假设您想在安装软件包之前知道软件包的信息。要获取包的信息只是发出以下命令。# yum info firefox Loaded plugins: fastestmirror Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * base: mirror.neu.edu.cn * epel: mirror.neu.edu.cn * extras: mirror.neu.edu.cn * rpmforge: mirror.nl.leaseweb.net * updates: ftp.iitm.ac.in Available Packages Name : firefox Arch : i386 Version : 10.0.6 Release : 1.el5.centos Size : 20 M Repo : updates Summary : Mozilla Firefox Web browser URL : http://www.mozilla.org/projects/firefox/ License : MPLv1.1 or GPLv2+ or LGPLv2+ Description: Mozilla Firefox is an open-source web browser, designed for standards : compliance, performance and portability.
7.使用YUM列出所有可用软件包
要列出Yum数据库中的所有可用软件包，请使用以下命令。# yum list | less
8.使用YUM列出所有已安装的软件包
要列出系统上安装的所有软件包，只需发出以下命令，它将显示所有已安装的软件包。# yum list installed | less
Yum提供功能
Yum 提供的功能是用来查找特定文件属于哪个软件包。 例如，如果你想知道具有 /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf中的包的名称。# yum provides /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf Loaded plugins: fastestmirror httpd-2.2.3-63.el5.centos.i386 : Apache HTTP Server Repo : base Matched from: Filename : /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf httpd-2.2.3-63.el5.centos.1.i386 : Apache HTTP Server Repo : updates Matched from: Filename : /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf httpd-2.2.3-65.el5.centos.i386 : Apache HTTP Server Repo : updates Matched from: Filename : /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf httpd-2.2.3-53.el5.centos.1.i386 : Apache HTTP Server Repo : installed Matched from: Other : Provides-match: /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
10.使用Yum检查可用更新
要查找系统上已安装的软件包有多少可用更新，请检查使用以下命令。# yum check-update
11.使用Yum更新系统
要使系统保持所有安全和二进制包更新的最新状态，请运行以下命令。它将安装所有最新的修补程序和安全更新到您的系统。# yum update
12.列出所有可用的组包
在Linux中，软件包数量捆绑到特定组。而不是使用yum安装单个软件包，您可以安装特定的组，它将安装属于组的所有相关软件包。例如要列出所有可用的组，只需发出以下命令。# yum grouplist Installed Groups: Administration Tools DNS Name Server Dialup Networking Support Editors Engineering and Scientific FTP Server Graphics Java Development Legacy Network Server Available Groups: Authoring and Publishing Base Beagle Cluster Storage Clustering Development Libraries Development Tools Eclipse Educational Software KDE (K Desktop Environment) KDE Software Development
13.安装组包
要安装特定的软件包组，我们使用选项作为 groupinstall。 富勒例如，要安装 “MySQL数据库 ”，只是执行下面的命令。# yum groupinstall 'MySQL Database' Dependencies Resolved ================================================================================================= Package Arch Version Repository Size ================================================================================================= Updating: unixODBC i386 2.2.11-10.el5 base 290 k Installing for dependencies: unixODBC-libs i386 2.2.11-10.el5 base 551 k Transaction Summary ================================================================================================= Install 1 Package(s) Upgrade 1 Package(s) Total size: 841 k Is this ok [y/N]: y Downloading Packages: Running rpm_check_debug Running Transaction Test Finished Transaction Test Transaction Test Succeeded Running Transaction Installing : unixODBC-libs 1/3 Updating : unixODBC 2/3 Cleanup : unixODBC 3/3 Dependency Installed: unixODBC-libs.i386 0:2.2.11-10.el5 Updated: unixODBC.i386 0:2.2.11-10.el5 Complete!
14.更新组包
要更新任何现有已安装的组软件包，只需运行以下命令，如下所示。# yum groupupdate 'DNS Name Server' Dependencies Resolved ================================================================================================================ Package Arch Version Repository Size ================================================================================================================ Updating: bind i386 30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2 updates 981 k bind-chroot i386 30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2 updates 47 k Updating for dependencies: bind-libs i386 30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2 updates 864 k bind-utils i386 30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2 updates 174 k Transaction Summary ================================================================================================================ Install 0 Package(s) Upgrade 4 Package(s) Total size: 2.0 M Is this ok [y/N]: y Downloading Packages: Running rpm_check_debug Running Transaction Test Finished Transaction Test Transaction Test Succeeded Running Transaction Updating : bind-libs 1/8 Updating : bind 2/8 Updating : bind-chroot 3/8 Updating : bind-utils 4/8 Cleanup : bind 5/8 Cleanup : bind-chroot 6/8 Cleanup : bind-utils 7/8 Cleanup : bind-libs 8/8 Updated: bind.i386 30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2 bind-chroot.i386 30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2 Dependency Updated: bind-libs.i386 30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2 bind-utils.i386 30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2 Complete!
15.删除组包
要从系统中删除或删除任何现有的已安装组，只需使用以下命令。# yum groupremove 'DNS Name Server' Dependencies Resolved =========================================================================================================== Package Arch Version Repository Size =========================================================================================================== Removing: bind i386 30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2 installed 2.1 M bind-chroot i386 30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2 installed 0.0 Transaction Summary =========================================================================================================== Remove 2 Package(s) Reinstall 0 Package(s) Downgrade 0 Package(s) Is this ok [y/N]: y Downloading Packages: Running rpm_check_debug Running Transaction Test Finished Transaction Test Transaction Test Succeeded Running Transaction Erasing : bind 1/2 warning: /etc/sysconfig/named saved as /etc/sysconfig/named.rpmsave Erasing : bind-chroot 2/2 Removed: bind.i386 30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2 bind-chroot.i386 30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2 Complete!
16.列出启用的Yum存储库
要列出系统中所有已启用的Yum存储库，请使用以下选项。# yum repolist repo id repo name status base CentOS-5 - Base enabled: 2,725 epel Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 5 - i386 enabled: 5,783 extras CentOS-5 - Extras enabled: 282 mod-pagespeed mod-pagespeed enabled: 1 rpmforge RHEL 5 - RPMforge.net - dag enabled: 11,290 updates CentOS-5 - Updates enabled: 743 repolist: 20,824
16.列出所有启用和禁用的Yum存储库
以下命令将显示系统上的所有已启用和已禁用的yum存储库。# yum repolist all repo id repo name status C5.0-base CentOS-5.0 - Base disabled C5.0-centosplus CentOS-5.0 - Plus disabled C5.0-extras CentOS-5.0 - Extras disabled base CentOS-5 - Base enabled: 2,725 epel Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 5 - i386 enabled: 5,783 extras CentOS-5 - Extras enabled: 282 repolist: 20,824
17.从特定存储库安装软件包
要启用特定或禁用库安装特定的软件包，您必须在您的yum命令中使用 -enablerepo选项。 例如，要 安装3.5.2 phpMyAdmin的包，只是执行命令。# yum --enablerepo=epel install phpmyadmin Dependencies Resolved ============================================================================================= Package Arch Version Repository Size ============================================================================================= Installing: phpMyAdmin noarch 3.5.1-1.el6 epel 4.2 M Transaction Summary ============================================================================================= Install 1 Package(s) Total download size: 4.2 M Installed size: 17 M Is this ok [y/N]: y Downloading Packages: phpMyAdmin-3.5.1-1.el6.noarch.rpm | 4.2 MB 00:25 Running rpm_check_debug Running Transaction Test Transaction Test Succeeded Running Transaction Installing : phpMyAdmin-3.5.1-1.el6.noarch 1/1 Verifying : phpMyAdmin-3.5.1-1.el6.noarch 1/1 Installed: phpMyAdmin.noarch 0:3.5.1-1.el6 Complete!
18.互动Yum屋
Yum实用程序提供了一个自定义外壳，您可以在其中执行多个命令。# yum shell Loaded plugins: fastestmirror Setting up Yum Shell > update httpd Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * base: mirrors.sin3.sg.voxel.net * epel: ftp.riken.jp * extras: mirrors.sin3.sg.voxel.net * updates: mirrors.sin3.sg.voxel.net Setting up Update Process >
19.清洁Yum缓存
默认情况下Yum保留所有库启用包数据在 / var /缓存/Yum/每个子目录，从启用的存储库中清除所有的缓存文件，你需要经常运行下面的命令来清理所有的缓存，并确保没有什么不必要的空间正在使用。我们不想给出以下命令的输出，因为我们喜欢保留缓存数据。# yum clean all
20.查看Yum的历史
要查看yum命令的所有过去事务，只需使用以下命令。# yum history Loaded plugins: fastestmirror ID | Login user | Date and time | Action(s) | Altered ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10 | root | 2012-08-11 15:19 | Install | 3 9 | root | 2012-08-11 15:11 | Install | 1 8 | root | 2012-08-11 15:10 | Erase | 1 EE 7 | root | 2012-08-10 17:44 | Install | 1 6 | root | 2012-08-10 12:19 | Install | 2 5 | root | 2012-08-10 12:14 | Install | 3 4 | root | 2012-08-10 12:12 | I, U | 13 E< 3 | root | 2012-08-09 13:01 | Install | 1 > 2 | root | 2012-08-08 20:13 | I, U | 292 EE 1 | System | 2012-08-08 17:15 | Install | 560 history list我们已经试图覆盖所有的基本的，以他们的例子来推进yum命令。如果与yum命令有关的任何东西可能错过了。请通过我们的评论栏更新我们。因此，我们根据收到的反馈继续更新。
