工具与环境介绍
- ansible简介
批量管理服务器的工具
无需部署agent，通过ssh进行管理
流行的自动化运维工具：https://github.com/ansible/ansible - jenkins简介
可视化运维（主要用在可视化部署）
持续构建，可以和git，svn结合
可结合ssh实现可视化运维
可结合ansible实现可视化运维 - 环境说明
Centos7.3（yum -y install net-tools vim）
关闭防火墙（systemctl stop firewalld，systemctl disable firewalld）
关闭selinux
Python3与ansible的安装
#安装支持包
[root@localhost ~]# yum -y install lrzsz vim net-tools gcc gcc-c++ ncurses ncurses-devel unzip zlib-devel zlib openssl-devel openssl openssh-clients*
#源码编译Python3.5
[root@localhost Python-3.5.2]# tar xf Python-3.5.2.tgz -C /usr/src/
[root@localhost Python-3.5.2]# cd /usr/src/Python-3.5.2/
[root@localhost Python-3.5.2]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/python/
[root@localhost Python-3.5.2]# make && make install
[root@localhost Python-3.5.2]# ln -s /usr/local/python/bin/python3 /usr/bin/python3
[root@localhost Python-3.5.2]# which python3
/usr/bin/python3
[root@localhost Python-3.5.2]# python3 -V
Python 3.5.2
使用pip3安装ansible
#安装ansible最新版本
[root@localhost bin]# /usr/local/python/bin/pip3 install --upgrade pip
[[email protected]]# /usr/local/python/bin/pip3 install ansible
#静心等待ansible安装完毕后
[root@localhost python]# ln -s /usr/local/python/bin/ansible /usr/local/bin/
[root@localhost python]# which ansible
/usr/local/bin/ansible
[root@localhost python]# ansible --version
ansible 2.5.4
config file = None
configured module search path = ['/root/.ansible/plugins/modules', '/usr/share/ansible/plugins/modules']
ansible python module location = /usr/local/python/lib/python3.5/site-packages/ansible
executable location = /usr/local/bin/ansible
python version = 3.5.2 (default, Jun 13 2018, 09:13:32) [GCC 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-11)]
ansible查看帮助
[root@ansible ~]# /usr/local/python/bin/ansible-doc -l 查看总帮助
[root@ansible ~]# /usr/local/python/bin/ansible-doc -s shell 查看shell模块的帮助
[root@ansible ~]# /usr/local/python/bin/ansible-doc -s raw
使用公私钥实现ssh无密码登陆
Host IP
ansible 192.168.239.128
web1 192.168.239.135
web2 192.168.239.136
#生成密钥对
[root@localhost ~]# ssh-keygen -t rsa -f ~/.ssh/id_rsa -P ""
#分发密钥
[root@localhost ~]# ssh-copy-id -i ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub 192.168.239.135
#进行免密码登陆测试
[root@localhost ~]# ssh 192.168.239.135
Last login: Fri Dec 7 21:02:15 2018 from 192.168.239.1
[root@localhost ~]# hostname -I
192.168.239.135
[root@localhost ~]# exit
logout
Connection to 192.168.239.135 closed.
[root@localhost ~]# hostname -I
192.168.239.128
ansible的简单配置和ping模块
- ansible的配置文件
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir -p /etc/ansible
[root@localhost ~]# cd /etc/ansible
[root@localhost ansible]# vim hosts #ansible主机管理配置文件
[nginx] #被管理的主机组名称
web1 ansible_ssh_host=192.168.239.135 ansible_ssh_port=22 ansible_ssh_user=root #第一台主机
web2 ansible_ssh_host=192.168.239.136 ansible_ssh_port=22 ansible_ssh_user=root ansible_ssh_pass=123456 #第二台主机
#如果我们已经设置了ssh免密钥了。那么就不需要写密码了。例如：webA
我们要是没有设置免密钥，那么就需要安装sshpass工具，并在/etc/ansible/hosts文件里写上主机的连接密码。例如webB
#下载epel源安装sshpass
root@localhost ansible]# wget -O /etc/yum.repos.d/epel.repo http://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/epel-7.repo
root@localhost ansible]# yum -y install sshpass
root@localhost ansible]# which sshpass
/usr/bin/sshpass
- 进行ansible远程执行命令测试
语法：ansible nginx -m command -a 'uptime'
ansible 主机组 -m ansible内置功能模块名 -a 命令
进行命令测试：
#进行ping模块的连接测试
[root@localhost ansible]# ansible nginx -m ping
web2 | FAILED! => { #我们发现webB还是没链接成功，这是因为本机的known_hosts文件还没有记录对方主机的信息。
"msg": "Using a SSH password instead of a key is not possible because Host Key checking is enabled and sshpass does not support this. Please add this host's fingerprint to your known_hosts file to manage this host."
}
web1 | SUCCESS => { #webA成功
"changed": false,
"ping": "pong"
}
想要解决known_hosts的问题，只需要修改ssh的配置文件/etc/ssh/ssh_config即可
#修改ssh配置文件
[root@localhost ansible]# sed -n '35p' /etc/ssh/ssh_config
# StrictHostKeyChecking ask
[root@localhost ansible]# vim /etc/ssh/ssh_config
[root@localhost ansible]# sed -n '35p' /etc/ssh/ssh_config
StrictHostKeyChecking no #去掉注释，修改成这样
#重启ssh服务
[root@localhost ansible]# systemctl reload sshd.service
#再次进行ansible连接测试
[root@localhost ansible]# ansible nginx -m ping
web1 | SUCCESS => {
"changed": false,
"ping": "pong"
}
web2 | SUCCESS => {
"changed": false,
"ping": "pong"
}
- ansible的简单使用方式
ansible -i /etc/ansible/hosts 主机或主机组 -m 指定模块 -a 命令
不用-i指定配置文件默认为/etc/ansible/hosts - 使用ping模块用来查看服务器是否连接正常，ping模块不需要-a指定参数
ansible all -m ping
主机和主机组注意事项：
| 主机组范围 | 解释 |
|---|---|
| all | 代表所有主机 |
| web1:web2 | 可以指定多台主机 |
| all:!web1 | 指定all但不包含web2，注意！前需要加转意符号\ |
[root@localhost ansible]# ansible all -m ping
web2 | SUCCESS => {
"changed": false,
"ping": "pong"
}
web1 | SUCCESS => {
"changed": false,
"ping": "pong"
}
[root@localhost ansible]# ansible web1:web2 -m ping
web1 | SUCCESS => {
"changed": false,
"ping": "pong"
}
web2 | SUCCESS => {
"changed": false,
"ping": "pong"
}
[root@localhost ansible]# ansible all:\!web2 -m ping
web1 | SUCCESS => {
"changed": false,
"ping": "pong"
}
ansible的三个命令模块
- ansible模块command（不支持管道，不建议使用）
[root@localhost ansible]# ansible all -m command -a "pwd"
web2 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
/root
web1 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
/root
- ansible模块shell（支持管道，支持重定向）
#shell模块支持管道符
[root@localhost ansible]# ansible all -m shell -a "echo test ansible | grep a"
web1 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
test ansible
web2 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
test ansible
#shell支持重定向
[root@localhost ansible]# ansible all -m shell -a "echo bb >> /tmp/testansible"
webA | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
webB | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
#如果遇到特殊符号需要加入\转义，这样子ansible才能正常运行
[root@localhost ansible]# ansible all -m shell -a "cat /etc/passwd | awk -F":" '{print \$1}'"
webB | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
root
bin
daemon
adm
lp
sync
shutdown
halt
mail
operator
games
ftp
nobody
systemd-bus-proxy
systemd-network
dbus
polkitd
tss
postfix
sshd
chrony
webA | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
root
bin
daemon
adm
lp
sync
shutdown
halt
mail
operator
games
ftp
nobody
systemd-bus-proxy
systemd-network
dbus
polkitd
tss
postfix
sshd
chrony
- ansible模块raw，最原始的方式运行命令（不依赖python，仅通过ssh实现）
#清除yum缓存
[root@localhost ansible]# ansible all -m raw -a "yum -y clean all"
webB | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Cleaning repos: c7-media
Cleaning up everything
Shared connection to 192.168.239.136 closed.
webA | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Cleaning repos: c7-media epel
Cleaning up everything
Cleaning up list of fastest mirrors
Shared connection to 192.168.200.132 closed.
#建立yum缓存
[root@localhost ansible]# ansible all -m raw -a "yum makecache"
webA | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
c7-media | 3.6 kB 00:00
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* c7-media:
Metadata Cache Created
Shared connection to 192.168.200.132 closed.
webB | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
c7-media | 3.6 kB 00:00
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* c7-media:
Metadata Cache Created
Shared connection to 192.168.200.138 closed.
#yum装nmap包
[root@localhost ansible]# ansible all -m raw -a "yum -y install nmap"
ansible的copy模块批量下发文件或文件夹
copy模块概述
- copy模块的参数
ansible 主机组 -m 模块 -a 命令
src：指定源文件或目录
dest：指定目标服务器的文件或目录
backup：是否要备份
owner：拷贝到目标服务器后，文件或目录的所属用户
group：拷贝到目标服务器后，文件或目录的所属群组
mode：文件或目录的权限
2. 准备工作
[root@localhost ansible]# mkdir -p /service/scripts
[root@localhost ansible]# echo "aaa" > /service/scripts/test.txt
[root@localhost ansible]# echo "bbb" > /service/scripts/test2.txt
- 所有被管理端节点必须安装libselinux-python包
[root@localhost ansible]# yum -y install libselinux-python
copy模块拷贝文件
特别提示：如果目标路径不存在会自动创建
src===>源文件路径 dest=目标路径位置
[root@localhost ansible]# ansible all -m copy -a "src=/service/scripts/test.txt dest=/service/scripts/"
webB | FAILED! => { #节点未安装libselinux-python
"changed": false,
"checksum": "972a1a11f19934401291cc99117ec614933374ce",
"msg": "Aborting, target uses selinux but python bindings (libselinux-python) aren't installed!"
}
webA | SUCCESS => {
"changed": true,
"checksum": "972a1a11f19934401291cc99117ec614933374ce",
"dest": "/service/scripts/test.txt",
"gid": 0,
"group": "root",
"md5sum": "5c9597f3c8245907ea71a89d9d39d08e",
"mode": "0644",
"owner": "root",
"secontext": "system_u:object_r:svc_svc_t:s0",
"size": 4,
"src": "/root/.ansible/tmp/ansible-tmp-1529035954.8010113-22928023490467/source",
"state": "file",
"uid": 0
}
#节点安装libselinux-python后在进行发送测试
[root@localhost ansible]# ansible webB -m copy -a "src=/service/scripts/test.txt dest=/service/scripts/"
webB | SUCCESS => { #发送成功
"changed": true,
"checksum": "972a1a11f19934401291cc99117ec614933374ce",
"dest": "/service/scripts/test.txt",
"gid": 0,
"group": "root",
"md5sum": "5c9597f3c8245907ea71a89d9d39d08e",
"mode": "0644",
"owner": "root",
"secontext": "system_u:object_r:svc_svc_t:s0",
"size": 4,
"src": "/root/.ansible/tmp/ansible-tmp-1529036146.1609693-94270890826089/source",
"state": "file",
"uid": 0
}
copy模块拷贝文件夹
特别提示：
如果目标路径里有与我拷贝的文件同名文件的话，会直接覆盖目标路径下的文件
#拷贝/service/scripts/ 目录下所有内容到dest的路径下（注意两条命令的对比）
[root@localhost ansible]# ansible webA -m copy -a "src=/service/scripts/ dest=/service/scripts/"
webA | SUCCESS => {
"changed": true,
"dest": "/service/scripts/",
"src": "/service/scripts/"
}
#拷贝/service/scripts目录本身及其内部的所有内容到dest的路径下（注意两条命令的对比）
[root@localhost ansible]# ansible webA -m copy -a "src=/service/scripts dest=/service/scripts/"
webA | SUCCESS => {
"changed": true,
"dest": "/service/scripts/",
"src": "/service/scripts"
}
copy模块自动备份
特别提示：
参数：backup=yes ===>意思是，如果目标路径下，有与我同名但不同内容的文件时，在覆盖前，对目标文件先进行备份。
[root@localhost ~]# ansible webB -m copy -a "src=/service/scripts/ dest=/service/scripts/ backup=yes"
webB | SUCCESS => {
"changed": true,
"dest": "/service/scripts/",
"src": "/service/scripts/"
}
copy模块指定用户和属主
[root@localhost ~]# ansible webA -m copy -a "src=/service/scripts/ dest=/service/scripts/ owner=nobody group=nobody mode=0600"
webA | SUCCESS => {
"changed": true,
"dest": "/service/scripts/",
"src": "/service/scripts/"
}
ansible的script模块批量运行脚本
ansible的script模块能够实现远程服务器批量运行本地的shell脚本。
#操作示例-->远程批量分发并自动部署nginx
#所有被管理端需要挂载光盘，并创建本地yum配置文件
[root@localhost ansible]# mkdir -p /server/scripts
[root@localhost ansible]# cd /server/scripts
[root@localhost scripts]# rz
[root@localhost scripts]# ls | xargs -n1
auto_nginx.sh #自动安装nginx脚本
fenfa.sh #批量分发脚本
nginx-1.10.2.tar.gz #nginx源码包
[root@localhost scripts]# cat auto_nginx.sh #nginx安装脚本
#!/bin/sh
#nginx install shell scripts
test -d /media/cdrom || mkdir -p /media/cdrom
mount /dev/sr0 /media/cdrom &>/dev/null
yum -y install gcc gcc-c++ make pcre pcre-devel zlib zlib-devel openssl openssl-devel &>/dev/null
test -d /service/scripts || exit 3
cd /service/scripts/
tar xf nginx-1.10.2.tar.gz -C /usr/src/
cd /usr/src/nginx-1.10.2/
./configure --prefix=/usr/local/nginx --with-http_ssl_module --with-http_stub_status_module &>/dev/null
make &>/dev/null
make install &>/dev/null
exit 0
[root@localhost scripts]# cat fenfa.sh #源码包和安装脚本的批量分发脚本
#!/bin/sh
#批量分发脚本
Group=$1
ansible $Group -m copy -a "src=/server/scripts/ dest=/service/scripts/ mode=0755" #无需判断对方有无目标目录，会自动创建
ansible $Group -m script -a "/bin/sh /service/scripts/auto_nginx.sh"
[root@localhost scripts]# sh fenfa.sh all #激活脚本
web2 | CHANGED => {
"changed": true,
"dest": "/service/scripts/",
"src": "/server/scripts/"
}
web1 | CHANGED => {
"changed": true,
"dest": "/service/scripts/",
"src": "/server/scripts/"
}
web2 | CHANGED => {
"changed": true,
"rc": 0,
"stderr": "Shared connection to 192.168.239.136 closed.\r\n",
"stderr_lines": [
"Shared connection to 192.168.239.136 closed."
],
"stdout": "",
"stdout_lines": []
}
web1 | CHANGED => {
"changed": true,
"rc": 0,
"stderr": "Shared connection to 192.168.239.135 closed.\r\n",
"stderr_lines": [
"Shared connection to 192.168.239.135 closed."
],
"stdout": "",
"stdout_lines": []
}
[root@localhost scripts]#
ansible-playbook的初步使用
ansible客户端
[root@localhost ~]# yum install -y libselinux-python
playbook的使用，playbook可以把ansible的模块进行组合
ln -s /usr/local/python/bin/ansible-playbook /usr/local/bin/
- playbook的简单shell模块的使用
[root@localhost scripts]# cat test_shell.yaml #playbook的执行模板
--- #开头三个小-开头
- hosts: web2
tasks:
- name: test
shell: echo "welcome to yunjisuan" >> /tmp/username
- name: test2
shell: echo "welcome to yunjisuan" >> /tmp/username
模板说明：
--- #开头必须有三个小-，顶格写
- hosts： #正文配置代码的第一级，必须有两个空格（-占一个空格位）
- host: web2 #web2是host参数的值，值和hosts：之间要有一个空格
tasks: #tasks：表示接下来要执行的具体任务
- name: #相对于tasks再多缩进两个格（-占一个空格位），表示属于tasks的下一级
- name: test #test只是要执行的具体命令的名字可以随便写。name:后还是有一个空格要注意
shell: #表示调用shell模块执行命令相对于tasks仍旧要多缩进两个空格
shell: echo "xxx" >> xxx #shell:后边还是要有个空格，需要注意。
执行playbook配置文件
[root@localhost scripts]# ansible-playbook test_shell.yaml #执行playbook配置文件
PLAY [web2] ********************************************************************************************************
TASK [Gathering Facts] *********************************************************************************************
ok: [web2]
TASK [test] ********************************************************************************************************
changed: [web2]
TASK [test2] *******************************************************************************************************
changed: [web2]
PLAY RECAP *********************************************************************************************************
web2 : ok=3 changed=2 unreachable=0 failed=0
- playbook的简单copy模块的使用
[root@localhost scripts]# echo "welcome to yunjisuan" >> /tmp/test_copy
[root@localhostscripts]# cat test_copy.yaml
---
- hosts: all
tasks:
- name: test copy
copy: src=/tmp/test_copy dest=/tmp/
[root@localhost scripts]# ansible-playbook /server/scripts/test_copy.yaml
PLAY [all] *********************************************************************************************************
TASK [Gathering Facts] *********************************************************************************************
ok: [web1]
ok: [web2]
TASK [test copy] ***************************************************************************************************
changed: [web1]
changed: [web2]
PLAY RECAP *********************************************************************************************************
web1 : ok=2 changed=1 unreachable=0 failed=0
web2 : ok=2 changed=1 unreachable=0 failed=0
- playbook使用register输出命令运行结果
我们在用playbook进行ansible模块操作的时候，并没有命令的执行结果输出，默认被隐藏了。
我们可以通过register模块加载输出命令的执行结果
[root@localhost scripts]# cat test_register.yaml
---
- hosts: all
tasks:
- name: test register
shell: echo "welcome to yunjisuan"
register: print_result #将之前命令的输出结果保存在变量print_result里
- debug: var=print_result #将变量的值作为debug输出出来。
[root@localhost scripts]# ansible-playbook test_register.yaml
PLAY [all] ****************************************************************************
TASK [Gathering Facts] ****************************************************************
ok: [web2]
ok: [web1]
TASK [test register] ******************************************************************
changed: [web2]
changed: [web1]
TASK [debug] **************************************************************************
ok: [web1] => {
"print_result": {
"changed": true,
"cmd": "echo \"welcome to yunjisuan\"",
"delta": "0:00:00.003203",
"end": "2018-12-08 01:22:01.287935",
"failed": false,
"rc": 0,
"start": "2018-12-08 01:22:01.284732",
"stderr": "",
"stderr_lines": [],
"stdout": "welcome to yunjisuan",
"stdout_lines": [
"welcome to yunjisuan"
]
}
}
ok: [web2] => {
"print_result": {
"changed": true,
"cmd": "echo \"welcome to yunjisuan\"",
"delta": "0:00:00.003450",
"end": "2018-12-08 01:22:01.160379",
"failed": false,
"rc": 0,
"start": "2018-12-08 01:22:01.156929",
"stderr": "",
"stderr_lines": [],
"stdout": "welcome to yunjisuan",
"stdout_lines": [
"welcome to yunjisuan"
]
}
}
PLAY RECAP ****************************************************************************
web1 : ok=3 changed=1 unreachable=0 failed=0
web2 : ok=3 changed=1 unreachable=0 failed=0
- nginx配置下发并检测
[root@localhost scripts]# vim /tmp/nginx.conf
worker_processes 1;
events {
worker_connections 1024;
}
http {
include mime.types;
default_type application/octet-stream;
sendfile on;
keepalive_timeout 65;
upstream default_server {
server 192.168.239.130;
server 192.168.239.131;
}
server {
listen 80;
server_name www.yunjisuan.com;
location / {
proxy_pass http://default_server;
proxy_set_header host $host;
proxy_set_header x-forward-for $remote_addr;
}
}
}
[root@localhost scripts]# cat test_nginx_conf.yaml
---
- hosts: all
tasks:
- name: copy nginx.conf
copy: src=/tmp/nginx.conf dest=/usr/local/nginx/conf/ backup=yes
- name:
shell: /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -t
register: nginx_result
- debug: var=nginx_result
[root@localhost scripts]# ansible-playbook test_nginx_conf.yaml
PLAY [all] ****************************************************************************
TASK [Gathering Facts] ****************************************************************
ok: [web1]
ok: [web2]
TASK [copy nginx.conf] ****************************************************************
changed: [web1]
changed: [web2]
TASK [shell] **************************************************************************
changed: [web2]
changed: [web1]
TASK [debug] **************************************************************************
ok: [web1] => {
"nginx_result": {
"changed": true,
"cmd": "/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -t",
"delta": "0:00:00.007621",
"end": "2018-12-08 01:28:58.493810",
"failed": false,
"rc": 0,
"start": "2018-12-08 01:28:58.486189",
"stderr": "nginx: the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok\nnginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful",
"stderr_lines": [
"nginx: the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok",
"nginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful"
],
"stdout": "",
"stdout_lines": []
}
}
ok: [web2] => {
"nginx_result": {
"changed": true,
"cmd": "/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -t",
"delta": "0:00:00.008844",
"end": "2018-12-08 01:28:58.323927",
"failed": false,
"rc": 0,
"start": "2018-12-08 01:28:58.315083",
"stderr": "nginx: the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok\nnginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful",
"stderr_lines": [
"nginx: the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok",
"nginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful"
],
"stdout": "",
"stdout_lines": []
}
}
PLAY RECAP ****************************************************************************
web1 : ok=4 changed=2 unreachable=0 failed=0
web2 : ok=4 changed=2 unreachable=0 failed=0
playbook的自定义变量和内置变量
- 在Playbook中使用自定义变量
[root@localhost scripts]# cat test_vars.yaml
---
- hosts: all
vars: #定义变量
- name: "yunjisuan" #第一个name变量
age: "3" #第二个age变量
tasks:
- name: "{{ name }}" #{{}}两对大括号引用变量，变量名两头空格
shell: echo "myname {{ name }},myage {{ age }}"
register: var_result
- debug: var=var_result
特别提示：
引用变量需要在双引号中引用。
[root@localhost scripts]# ansible-playbook /server/scripts/test_vars.yaml
[WARNING]: Found variable using reserved name: name #这里提示，name是一个保留的内置变量，我们在自定义时不能用
PLAY [all] ****************************************************************************
TASK [Gathering Facts] ****************************************************************
ok: [web1]
ok: [web2]
TASK [yunjisuan] **********************************************************************
changed: [web1]
changed: [web2]
TASK [debug] **************************************************************************
ok: [web1] => {
"var_result": {
"changed": true,
"cmd": "echo \"myname yunjisuan,myage 3\"",
"delta": "0:00:00.002816",
"end": "2018-12-08 09:03:15.150245",
"failed": false,
"rc": 0,
"start": "2018-12-08 09:03:15.147429",
"stderr": "",
"stderr_lines": [],
"stdout": "myname yunjisuan,myage 3",
"stdout_lines": [
"myname yunjisuan,myage 3"
]
}
}
ok: [web2] => {
"var_result": {
"changed": true,
"cmd": "echo \"myname yunjisuan,myage 3\"",
"delta": "0:00:00.002469",
"end": "2018-12-08 09:03:14.711524",
"failed": false,
"rc": 0,
"start": "2018-12-08 09:03:14.709055",
"stderr": "",
"stderr_lines": [],
"stdout": "myname yunjisuan,myage 3",
"stdout_lines": [
"myname yunjisuan,myage 3"
]
}
}
PLAY RECAP ****************************************************************************
web1 : ok=3 changed=1 unreachable=0 failed=0
web2 : ok=3 changed=1 unreachable=0 failed=0
#我们修改一下name这个变量再发送，就不会出警告了
[root@localhost scripts]# cat test_vars.yaml
---
- hosts: all
vars:
- names: "yunjisuan"
age: "3"
tasks:
- name: "{{ names }}"
shell: echo "myname {{ names }},myage {{ age }}"
register: var_result
- debug: var=var_result
- 在playbook中使用ansible内置变量
我们可以使用ansible all -m setup | less查看ansible内置变量
[root@localhost scripts]# cat test_setupvars.yaml
---
- hosts: all
gather_facts: True #使用ansible内置变量
tasks:
- name: setup var
shell: echo "ip {{ ansible_all_ipv4_addresses[0] }} cpu {{ ansible_processor_count }}"
register: var_result
- debug: var=var_result
[root@localhost scripts]#
[root@localhost scripts]# ansible-playbook test_setupvars.yaml
PLAY [all] ****************************************************************************
TASK [Gathering Facts] ****************************************************************
ok: [web1]
ok: [web2]
TASK [setup var] **********************************************************************
changed: [web2]
changed: [web1]
TASK [debug] **************************************************************************
ok: [web1] => {
"var_result": {
"changed": true,
"cmd": "echo \"ip 192.168.239.135 cpu 1\"",
"delta": "0:00:00.002772",
"end": "2018-12-08 09:24:22.913678",
"failed": false,
"rc": 0,
"start": "2018-12-08 09:24:22.910906",
"stderr": "",
"stderr_lines": [],
"stdout": "ip 192.168.239.135 cpu 1",
"stdout_lines": [
"ip 192.168.239.135 cpu 1"
]
}
}
ok: [web2] => {
"var_result": {
"changed": true,
"cmd": "echo \"ip 192.168.239.136 cpu 1\"",
"delta": "0:00:00.002615",
"end": "2018-12-08 09:24:22.419994",
"failed": false,
"rc": 0,
"start": "2018-12-08 09:24:22.417379",
"stderr": "",
"stderr_lines": [],
"stdout": "ip 192.168.239.136 cpu 1",
"stdout_lines": [
"ip 192.168.239.136 cpu 1"
]
}
}
PLAY RECAP ****************************************************************************
web1 : ok=3 changed=1 unreachable=0 failed=0
web2 : ok=3 changed=1 unreachable=0 failed=0
简单演示一下ansible内置变量的取用方法ansible all -m setup | less
[root@localhost scripts]# cat test_setupvars.yaml
---
- hosts: all
gather_facts: True #开启系统变量
tasks:
- name: setup var
shell: echo "ip {{ ansible_all_ipv4_addresses[0] }} cpu {{ ansible_processor_count }}" >> /tmp/test
- name: setup var2
shell: echo "time {{ ansible_date_time["date"] }}" >> /tmp/test
register: var_result
- debug: var=var_result
[root@localhost scripts]# ansible-playbook test_setupvars.yaml
PLAY [all] ****************************************************************************
TASK [Gathering Facts] ****************************************************************
ok: [web1]
ok: [web2]
TASK [setup var] **********************************************************************
changed: [web2]
changed: [web1]
TASK [setup var2] *********************************************************************
changed: [web1]
changed: [web2]
TASK [debug] **************************************************************************
ok: [web1] => {
"var_result": {
"changed": true,
"cmd": "echo \"time 2018-12-08\" >> /tmp/test",
"delta": "0:00:00.002968",
"end": "2018-12-08 10:27:53.776367",
"failed": false,
"rc": 0,
"start": "2018-12-08 10:27:53.773399",
"stderr": "",
"stderr_lines": [],
"stdout": "",
"stdout_lines": []
}
}
ok: [web2] => {
"var_result": {
"changed": true,
"cmd": "echo \"time 2018-12-08\" >> /tmp/test",
"delta": "0:00:00.002446",
"end": "2018-12-08 10:27:53.342519",
"failed": false,
"rc": 0,
"start": "2018-12-08 10:27:53.340073",
"stderr": "",
"stderr_lines": [],
"stdout": "",
"stdout_lines": []
}
}
PLAY RECAP ****************************************************************************
web1 : ok=4 changed=2 unreachable=0 failed=0
web2 : ok=4 changed=2 unreachable=0 failed=0
（1）Python的位置变量
[root@localhost scripts]# python3
Python 3.5.2 (default, Dec 8 2018, 08:18:46)
[GCC 4.4.7 20120313 (Red Hat 4.4.7-23)] on linux
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> a = [1,3,5]
>>> a
[1, 3, 5]
>>> a[0] #出现第一个值
1
>>> a[1] #出现第二个值
3
>>> a[2] #出现第三个值
5
>>> a[3] #因为只附了三个值，故报错
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
IndexError: list index out of range
>>> a[-1] #显示倒数第一个值
5
>>> a[-2] #显示倒数第二个值
3
>>> a[-3] #显示倒数第三个值
1
#Ctrl-D 退出
（2）Python的字典（键值key-values）
一个键可以对应一个值，也可以对应多个值，但不能多个键对应一个值
[root@localhost scripts]# python3
Python 3.5.2 (default, Dec 8 2018, 08:18:46)
[GCC 4.4.7 20120313 (Red Hat 4.4.7-23)] on linux
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> a = {"user":[1,2,3,4,5],"user1":123456} # 字典用{}，键值对："用户名":密码
>>> a["user"]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> a["user"][0]
1
>>> a["user1"]
123456
#Ctrl-D 退出
Playbook下发可变配置文件
配置文件如果使用copy模块去下发的话，那配置都是一样的；
如果下发的配置文件里有可变的配置，需要用到template模块。
- 利用template模块下发可变的配置文件
[root@localhost scripts]# cat /tmp/test
my name is {{ myname }} #自定义变量
my name is {{ ansible_all_ipv4_addresses[0] }} #系统变量
[root@localhost scripts]# cat test_filevars.yaml
---
- hosts: all
gather_facts: True #开启系统变量
vars:
- myname: "yunjisuan" #自定义变量
tasks:
- name: template test
template: src=/tmp/test dest=/root/test #使用template下发可变配置文件
[root@localhost scripts]# ansible-playbook test_filevars.yaml
PLAY [all] ****************************************************************************
TASK [Gathering Facts] ****************************************************************
ok: [web1]
ok: [web2]
TASK [template test] ******************************************************************
changed: [web2]
changed: [web1]
PLAY RECAP ****************************************************************************
web1 : ok=2 changed=1 unreachable=0 failed=0
web2 : ok=2 changed=1 unreachable=0 failed=0
- 下发配置文件里面使用判断语法
[root@localhost scripts]# cat /tmp/if.j2
{% if PORT %} #if PORT存在 {% if 变量 %} 如果PORT变量为真，就赋值ip=0.0.0.0:{{ PORT }}
ip=0.0.0.0:{{ PORT }}
{% else %} #否则的话（PORT变量为空），就赋值ip=0.0.0.0:80
ip=0.0.0.0:80
{% endif %} #结尾
[root@localhost scripts]# cat test_ifvars.yaml
---
- hosts: all
gather_facts: True #开启系统内置变量
vars:
- PORT: 90 #自定义变量
tasks:
- name: jinja2 if test #jinja2是j2的全称
template: src=/tmp/if.j2 dest=/root/test
[root@localhost scripts]# ansible-playbook test_ifvars.yaml
PLAY [all] ****************************************************************************
TASK [Gathering Facts] ****************************************************************
ok: [web2]
ok: [web1]
TASK [jinja2 if test] *****************************************************************
changed: [web2]
changed: [web1]
PLAY RECAP ****************************************************************************
web1 : ok=2 changed=1 unreachable=0 failed=0
web2 : ok=2 changed=1 unreachable=0 failed=0
如果我们将变量PORT值为空的话，就会是另外的结果
[root@localhost scripts]# cat test_ifvars.yaml
---
- hosts: all
gather_facts: True
vars:
- PORT: #置空
tasks:
- name: jinja2 if test
template: src=/tmp/if.j2 dest=/root/test
[root@localhost scripts]# ansible-playbook test_ifvars.yaml
Playbook的notify通知和下发nginx配置
#实战下发可执行动作的可变的nginx配置文件
[root@localhost scripts]# head -1 /tmp/nginx.j2
worker_processes {{ ansible_processor_count }}; #可变的参数
events {
worker_connections 1024;
}
http {
include mime.types;
default_type application/octet-stream;
sendfile on;
keepalive_timeout 65;
upstream default_server {
server 192.168.239.130;
server 192.168.239.131;
}
server {
listen 80;
server_name www.yunjisuan.com;
location / {
proxy_pass http://default_server;
proxy_set_header host $host;
proxy_set_header x-forward-for $remote_addr;
}
}
}
[root@localhost scripts]# cat test_nginxvars.yaml
---
- hosts: all
gather_facts: True #开启系统内置变量
tasks:
- name: nginx conf
template: src=/tmp/nginx.j2 dest=/usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf backup=yes #对对方电脑做出改变才会触发notify，未做出改变不会触发notify
notify:
- reload nginx #下发通知给handlers模块执行名字叫做reload nginx的动作
handlers: #定义动作
- name: reload nginx #动作的名字
shell: /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -s reload
- name: stop nginx
shell: /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -s stop
- name: start nginx
shell: /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx
[root@localhost scripts]# ansible-playbook test_nginxvars.yaml
使用roles标准化Playbook
roles功能可以用来规范playbook的编写，可以降低耦合度
- 创建所需要的roles原型目录结构
#创建roles基本原型的目录结构
创建目录/myroles/
[root@ansible myroles]# tree /myroles/
/myroles/
├── nginx.yaml #入口触发配置文件
└── roles #playbook的原型配置目录
└── nginx #nginx相关模组配置目录
├── files #copy模块和script模块的参数src默认会从这个文件夹查找
├── handlers #用来存放notify的
├── tasks #用来存放ansible模块任务的
├── templates #用来存放j2的
└── vars #用来存放变量的
7 directories, 1 file
#入口触发配置文件
[root@ansible myroles]# cat /myroles/nginx.yaml
---
- hosts: all #执行的主机范围
gather_facts: True #开启系统内置变量
roles: #启用roles原型配置
- nginx #执行nginx原型模组
- roles中tasks任务编排模组的使用
#在nginx模组添加tasks任务配置文件
[root@ansible myroles]# cat roles/nginx/tasks/main.yaml
---
- name: check alived #任务1的名字
ping: #执行ping模块
- name: #任务2的名字
shell: ls / #执行shell模块
register: ls_result #将执行结果保存给变量
- debug: var=ls_result #变量的值赋值给debug进行输出
#完成后的目录结构如下所示
[root@ansible myroles]# tree /myroles/
/myroles/
├── nginx.yaml #nginx模组入口配置文件
└── roles
└── nginx #nginx原型模组目录
├── files
├── handlers
├── tasks
│ └── main.yaml #nginx模组的tasks任务配置文件
├── templates
└── vars
7 directories, 2 files
- 执行简单的roles任务模型
#执行nginx入口配置文件
[root@ansible myroles]# ansible-playbook nginx.yaml
PLAY [all]
**************************************************************************
**************************
TASK [Gathering Facts]
**************************************************************************
**************
ok: [webA]
ok: [webB]
TASK [nginx : check alived]
**************************************************************************
*********
ok: [webA]
ok: [webB]
TASK [nginx : shell]
**************************************************************************
****************
changed: [webA]
changed: [webB]
TASK [nginx : debug]
**************************************************************************
****************
ok: [webA] => {
"ls_result": {
"changed": true,
"cmd": "ls /",
"delta": "0:00:00.002805",
"end": "2018-06-21 11:52:29.343592",
"failed": false,
"rc": 0,
"start": "2018-06-21 11:52:29.340787",
"stderr": "",
"stderr_lines": [],
"stdout":
"bin\nboot\ndev\netc\nhome\nlib\nlib64\nmedia\nmnt\nopt\nproc\nroo\nroot\n
run\nsbin\nservice\nsrv\nsys\ntmp\nusr\nvar",
"stdout_lines": [
"bin",
"boot",
"dev",
"etc",
"home",
"lib",
"lib64",
"media",
"mnt",
"opt",
"proc",
"roo",
"root",
"run",
"sbin",
"service",
"srv",
"sys",
"tmp",
"usr",
"var"
]
}
}
ok: [webB] => {
"ls_result": {
"changed": true,
"cmd": "ls /",
"delta": "0:00:00.002708",
"end": "2018-06-21 11:52:29.359754",
"failed": false,
"rc": 0,
"start": "2018-06-21 11:52:29.357046",
"stderr": "",
"stderr_lines": [],
"stdout":
"bin\nboot\ndev\netc\nhome\nlib\nlib64\nmedia\nmnt\nopt\nproc\nroo\nroot\n
run\nsbin\nservice\nsrv\nsys\ntmp\nusr\nvar",
"stdout_lines": [
"bin",
"boot",
"dev",
"etc",
"home",
"lib",
"lib64",
"media",
"mnt",
"opt",
"proc",
"roo",
"root",
"run",
"sbin",
"service",
"srv",
"sys",
"tmp",
"usr",
"var"
]
}
}
PLAY RECAP
**************************************************************************
**************************
webA : ok=4 changed=1 unreachable=0
failed=0
webB : ok=4 changed=1 unreachable=0
failed=0
ansible-playbook执行入口配置文件nginx.yaml后，它会自动在roles目录下查找
nginx目录并进入后查找tasks任务目录并执行main.yaml的任务配置文件。
其实，这个roles的操作等效于以下配置
#本配置和之前的roles配置等效
[root@ansible myroles]# cat /service/scripts/test.yaml
---
- hosts: all
gather_facts: True
tasks: #其实roles的本质就是将tasks任务单独写了。
- name: check alived #并在入口文件里追加了roles去查找tasks配置文件路径
ping:
- name:
shell: ls /
register: ls_result
- debug: var=ls_result
- roles中vars自定义变量模组的使用
#创建自定义变量vars模组的配置文件
[root@ansible myroles]# cat roles/nginx/vars/main.yaml
---
my_name: yunjisuan
phone: 1800000000
[root@ansible myroles]# cat roles/nginx/tasks/main.yaml
---
- name: check alived
ping:
- name:
shell: ls /
register: ls_result
- debug: var=ls_result
- name: #添加对变量引用的任务编排
shell: echo my phone is {{ phone }}
register: echo_result
- debug: var=echo_result
[root@ansible myroles]# ansible-playbook nginx.yaml #执行入口配置文件
- 使用copy，script模块的标准化
roles模型里使用copy，script模块，默认从roles/nginx/files这里面找
[root@ansible myroles]# cat roles/nginx/files/test
welcome to yunjisuan
[root@ansible myroles]# cat roles/nginx/files/test.sh
echo "aaa" >> /tmp/test
[root@ansible myroles]# chmod +x roles/nginx/files/test.sh
[root@ansible myroles]# cat roles/nginx/tasks/main.yaml
---
- name: check alived
ping:
- name:
shell: ls /
register: ls_result
- debug: var=ls_result
- name:
shell: echo my phone is {{ phone }}
register: echo_result
- debug: var=echo_result
- name: #添加copy模块
copy: src=test dest=/root/
- name: #添加script模块（自动在目标IP机器上执行脚本）
script: test.sh
[root@ansible myroles]# ansible-playbook nginx.yaml
- roles中template模块的使用
roles模型里使用template模块，默认从roles/nginx/template里面找
[root@ansible myroles]# cat roles/nginx/templates/test.j2
myname is {{ my_name }},my phone is {{ phone }} #引用自定义变量
my ipaddress is {{ansible_all_ipv4_addresses[0]}} #引用内置变量
[root@ansible myroles]# cat roles/nginx/tasks/main.yaml
---
- name: check alived
ping:
- name:
shell: ls /
register: ls_result
- debug: var=ls_result
- name:
shell: echo my phone is {{ phone }}
register: echo_result
- debug: var=echo_result
- name:
copy: src=test dest=/root/
- name:
script: test.sh
- name:
template: src=test.j2 dest=/root/test2 #下发可变配置文件
[root@ansible myroles]# ansible-playbook nginx.yaml
- roles中notify模块的使用
roles使用notify模块，默认从roles/nginx/handles里面找
[root@ansible myroles]# cat roles/nginx/handlers/main.yaml
---
- name: start_nginx #定义handlers的动作类型
shell: /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx
- name: stop_nginx #定义handlers的动作类型
shell: /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -s stop
- name: reload_nginx #定义handlers的动作类型
shell: /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -s reload
[root@ansible myroles]# cat roles/nginx/tasks/main.yaml
---
- name: check alived
ping:
- name:
shell: ls /
register: ls_result
- debug: var=ls_result
- name:
shell: echo my phone is {{ phone }}
register: echo_result
- debug: var=echo_result
- name:
copy: src=test dest=/root/
- name:
script: test.sh
- name:
template: src=test.j2 dest=/root/test2
notify: start_nginx #执行template任务后下发通知给handlers执行start_nginx
[root@ansible myroles]# ansible-playbook nginx.yaml
特别提示：
notify下发通知只有当之前的任务造成了变化那么才会被执行，如果没有发生任何改变，则notify不会被执行。例如：
#tasks任务造成改变，触发notify
[root@ansible myroles]# cat /tmp/test.yaml
---
- hosts: webA
gather_facts: True
tasks:
- name:
copy: src=/tmp/test dest=/root/ #这步造成目标改变才能出发notify
notify: start_nginx
handlers:
- name: start_nginx
shell: /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx
[root@ansible myroles]# ansible-playbook /tmp/test.yaml
PLAY [webA]
**************************************************************************
*************************
TASK [Gathering Facts]
**************************************************************************
**************
ok: [webA]
TASK [copy]
**************************************************************************
*************************
changed: [webA] #发生了改变
RUNNING HANDLER [start_nginx] #触发notify
**************************************************************************
*******
changed: [webA]
PLAY RECAP
**************************************************************************
**************************
webA : ok=3 changed=2 unreachable=0
failed=0
#我们再次执行/tmp/test.yaml
[root@ansible myroles]# ansible-playbook /tmp/test.yaml
PLAY [webA]
**************************************************************************
*************************
TASK [Gathering Facts]
**************************************************************************
**************
ok: [webA]
TASK [copy]
**************************************************************************
*************************
ok: [webA] #没有造成任务改变，未触发notify通知
PLAY RECAP
**************************************************************************
**************************
webA : ok=2 changed=0 unreachable=0
failed=0
